“I don’t remember Apollo at all,” confesses Robert Braun, NASA’s chief technologist. “I feel really bad about it.” Nevertheless, he has spent a lot of time reading and thinking about the mission to the moon, and its significance not just for space exploration, but for the nation’s innovative edge and economy. Braun wonders, “What is my generation’s space race?.” Braun offers not one but a handful of “game-changing civil space possibilities” that he feels certain could be accomplished in his lifetime. These include an asteroid defense system, forecasting major storms in time to move entire populations out of harm’s way; and finding life in space. Braun notes that many others embrace these “lofty goals,” but that NASA has been hampered in approaching them by a lack of investment in technology. When Braun first graduated from Penn State decades ago, he worked on “human to Mars” programs. There were huge technological obstacles then that persist today. Says Braun, “We need a series of technological advances crossing multiple disciplines to make a human Mars mission feasible.” The recently minted NASA Space Technology Program (STP), under Braun’s wing, intends to seed R&D ventures — whether in early stage innovation, experimentation or pilot demonstrations -- that may ultimately solve the kinds of problems hampering human space exploration. The program will also yield numerous other benefits, Braun predicts, in many other areas of science and engineering. These investments in disruptive technologies will pay off in turn by creating spinoff high tech industries, spurring new jobs, economic growth and global competitiveness.  Initial STP R&D money is headed for the International Space Station, which offers unique opportunities to explore long-term human degradation in space, water reclamation, and human-robot collaborations. Other projects include different kinds of space telescopes that could be assembled in space. STP hopes to nurture many ideas, select...