In his role as a biochemist, Hidde Ploegh explains the "essential features of the lifestyle of the flu virus" discussing not only how viruses work to invade our systems and cause the flu, but also adding insights into the political and societal framework in which public health groups and governments deal with viral disease.  The basic mechanics of how a virus—an organism that requires a host cell in which to reproduce—replicates itself is relatively simple. The virus attaches its eight short fragments of RNA (ribonucleic acid), fusing its shell with its host's shell using a protein called hemagglutinen. This allows the virus to enter the host cell where it creates a massive number of progeny viruses. Having done that, it releases its progeny from the host cell using an enzyme called neuraminidase. The 'H' of hemagglutinen and the 'N' of neuraminidase are the familiar acronyms in the virus name—H1N1 or Swine flu—we are familiar with. Each unique virus strain "speaks its own language" and is designated by other numerical suffixes. The situation becomes complicated when the virus is not a uniquely human one, but one created when human and animal viruses mix. Our history of proximity to domesticated animals has allowed animal and human viruses to intermingle, resulting in the reshuffling of an even larger pool of genetic information and creating new strains of viruses. It causes further complications in the creation of vaccines to counter them. Vaccines—using either an attenuated live strain or a subunit type, the only kind the FDA allows—are our defense against these viruses, allowing the body to develop its own antibodies against a specific viral invasion. While there have been instances of cultural or religious backlash against the use of vaccines that have prevented certain human-specific viruses from being completely eradicated, Ploegh emphasizes the importance of maintaining a clear understanding how these pathogens function. And...