After the end of World War II, German scientists were being held in a variety of detainment camps by the allies. In 1946, President Truman authorized Project Paperclip to exploit German scientists for American research, and to deny these intellectual resources to the Soviet Union. Some reports bluntly pointed out that they were ardent Nazis. They were considered so vital to the Cold War effort, that they would be brought into the US and Canada. Some of these experts participated in murderous medical experiments on human subjects at concentration camps. A 1999 report to the Senate and the House said between 1945 and 1955, 765 scientists, engineers, and technicians were brought to the US under Paperclip and similar programs